Czar
Tsar, also spelled czar, tzar or csar ( ), is a Slavic title derived from the Latin word caesar. It was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official—but was usually considered by Western Europeans to be equivalent to "king".
Tsar and its variants were the official titles in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), the Serbian Empire (1346–1371), and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). The first monarch to adopt the title of tsar was Simeon I of Bulgaria. Simeon II, the last tsar of Bulgaria, is the last person (and only living person as of 2026) to have held this title.
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